⚡DevelopingRenewable Energy • Nuclear

Small Modular Reactors (SMR)

Small Modular Reactors (SMR) are advanced nuclear reactors with power capacities of 50-300 MW^[1], designed for enhanced safety, reduced capital costs, and flexible deployment. These factory-built reactors feature passive safety systems and can provide 24/7 carbon-free baseload power with 90%+ capacity factors. Companies like NuScale and Rolls-Royce have received design approvals, with first commercial deployments targeted for 2029-2030.

How It Works

SMRs use advanced reactor designs with integral steam generators and pressurizers contained within a single reactor vessel. Passive safety systems rely on natural forces like gravity and convection rather than active pumps, enhancing safety margins. Factory manufacturing enables quality control and standardization, while modular design allows incremental capacity additions. Advanced cooling systems use air, helium, or molten salt instead of water, enabling higher operating temperatures and efficiency.

Advantages

Eliminates carbon emissions during operation while providing reliable baseload power, requires 90% less land than equivalent solar or wind capacity, and offers enhanced safety through passive systems and underground deployment. Factory manufacturing reduces construction time from 10-15 years to 3-5 years. SMRs can provide process heat for industrial applications and desalination. Smaller size enables deployment in areas unsuitable for large reactors.

Challenges

High upfront capital costs of $3,000-5,000 per kW compared to $1,500-2,500 for conventional reactors, faces complex regulatory approval processes taking 5-10 years, and generates radioactive waste requiring long-term storage solutions. Limited commercial deployment means technology risks remain unproven at scale. Public acceptance of nuclear technology remains challenging in many regions.